|
The Battle of Konotop or Battle of Sosnivka was fought between a coalition led〔http://www.day.kiev.ua/290619?idsource=277208&mainlang=eng〕 by the Hetman of Ukrainian Cossacks Ivan Vyhovsky and cavalry units of the Russian Tsardom, led by Semyon Pozharsky and Semyon Lvov, on June 29, 1659 near the town of Konotop, Ukraine, during the Polish-Russian War (1658-1667). Vyhovsky's coalition, in which the Crimean Tatars played a major role〔Lenta.Ru: (Tatyana Tairova-Yakovleva. What was and what became the battle of Konotop? ), 10.07.2009〕 defeated the Russians and forced the main Russian army to interrupt the siege of Konotop. However, the result of the battle only intensified political tensions in Ukraine and led to Vyhovsky's removal from power several months later. ==Prelude== The Battle of Konotop took place during the period of Ukrainian history that is generally referred to as the Ruin. This was the time after the death of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, during which many power struggles within the Cossack elite took place. Arguably, these power struggles were instigated by the Russian tsar, in an effort to undermine the authority of the Cossacks.〔http://maidan.org.ua/static/mai/1247081324.html〕 During his reign, Bohdan Khmelnytsky managed to wrestle Ukraine out of Polish domination, but was later forced to enter into a new and uneasy relation with Muscovy in 1654. His successor, general chancellor and close adviser Ivan Vyhovsky, was left to deal with Moscow's growing interference in Ukraine's internal affairs and even overt instigation of a civil war by way of supporting Cossack factions opposing Vyhovsky.〔 In 1656 the Muscovy signed a peace accord in Vilno with Poland in violation of the Treaty of Pereyaslav of 1654, and increased pressure on the Hetmanate state.〔Mytsyk Y. "Battle of Konotop 1659" // ''Ukrainske kozatstvo - Mala entsykolpedia'', Kiev, 2006. pp. 297〕 As a result Vyhovsky entered into negotiations with the Poles, and concluded the Treaty of Hadiach on September 16, 1658. Under the planned new treaty three voyevodships of central Ukraine〔(Treaty of Hadyach (1658, Ukraine) )〕 (Kiev, Bratslav and Podilya) were to become an equal constituent nation〔(Українська держава наприкінці XVII століття )〕 of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth along with Poland and Lithuania under the name of Principality of Rus, forming the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth.〔Mytsyk Y. "Battle of Konotop 1659" // ''Ukrainske kozatstvo - Mala entsykolpedia'', Kiev, 2006. pp. 2978〕 However, the Sejm ratified the treaty in a very limited version, where the idea of an independent Ruthenian Principality was completely abandoned.〔Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: ''Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.''〕 The news of a Cossack-Polish alliance alarmed Moscow and the Ukrainian cossacks opposing Vyhovsky (led by Ivan Bezpaly) to the extent that an expeditionary force was dispatched to Ukraine in the autumn of 1658 headed by Prince Grigory Romodanovsky. Moscow's military commander not only supported the election by Vyhovsky's opponents of a new rival hetman, but started actively to occupy towns held by Vyhovsky's supporters. The latter were mercilessly exterminated along with widespread abuse and robbery of the civilian population.〔(History of Little Russia ) (N. Маrkevich).〕 The situation having escalated that far, open hostilities followed. Skirmishes and attacks occurred in different towns and regions throughout the country, the most prominent of which was the capture of Konotop by Cossacks of the Nizhyn and Chernihiv Regiments headed by Hryhoriy Hulyanytsky, a colonel of Nizhyn. In the spring of 1659 a Russian army of 28,600 men according documents of Razryadny prikaz〔Бабулин И.Б. Битва под Конотопом. 28 июня 1659 года — М.: Цейхгауз, 2009〕〔(Собрание списков разрядных полков. Николай Смирнов. «Как под Конотопом упадок учинился...» (мифы и реальность). Научно-просветительский журнал «Скепсис» )〕 or 100,000–150,000 according "The Сhronicle of the Witness" and Sergey Solovyov〔(The Reign of Tsar Alexi Mikhailovich. (Solovyov S. М.) )〕 was dispatched to Ukraine to assist Romodanovsky. The latter numbers are being criticized by Western historians as exaggerated.〔Brian L. Davies. ''(Warfare, state and society on the Black Sea steppe, 1500-1700 )''. Routledge, UK. ISBN 978-0-415-23986-8.〕 The army came to the Ukrainian border on January 30, 1659 and stood 40 days till Trubetskoy negotiated with Vyhovsky since the Russian commander had instructions to persuade the Cossacks. Vyhovsky's rivals, the Cossack forces of commanders Bezpalyi, Voronko and the Zaporizhian Cossacks of Barabash joined the Russian troops. After the negotiations failed, hostilities began. The Russian army together with anti-Vyhovsky insurgents defeated Vyhovsky's troops in the battle of Romny and the battle of Lokhvytsya. After that, the supreme military commander Prince Aleksey Trubetskoy decided to finish off the small 4,000 garrison of Konotop Castle held by Cossacks of Hulyanytsky before proceeding in his pursuit of Vyhovsky. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Konotop」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|